NULLIF

19 Monday Jun 2017

Posted by troroblog in ORACLE, SQL, Tipps and Tricks, Underestimated Features

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NULLIF has been introducde quite a while ago (Oracle 9) but still this function is not well known to the community.

SYNTAX : NULLIF(expr1,expr2)

Nullif compares expr1 and expr2. If they are equal, then NULL is returned otherwise expr1. We cannot specify the literal NULL for expr1.

So where can this function be used?

Eliminiate Division by Zero:

WITH sales (prod, thisyear, lastyear)
        AS (SELECT 'Monitor' ,  50, 25 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT 'Keyboard', 125,  0 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT 'Mouse'   ,  35, 40 FROM dual UNION ALL 
            SELECT 'Desktop' ,   0, 25 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT 'Laptop'  ,  10,  3 FROM dual)
SELECT prod, thisYear, lastYear
     , ROUND(thisYear * 100 / NULLIF(lastYear,0),2) AS SalesPerc
  FROM sales
/

PROD       THISYEAR   LASTYEAR  SALESPERC
-------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Monitor          50         25        200
Keyboard        125          0
Mouse            35         40       87.5
Desktop           0         25          0
Laptop           10          3     333.33

Remove not needed concatenation seperators:

Add first letter of the middle name followed by a dot if a middle name exists.

WITH pers (firstname, middle, lastname)
       AS (SELECT 'Kurt'  ,'Heinrich','Meier' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 'Hubert',NULL      ,'Huber' FROM dual)
SELECT firstname || NULLIF(' '||SUBSTR(middle,1,1) || '.',' .') 
    || ' ' || lastname AS fullname
  FROM pers
/    

FULLNAME
---------------
Kurt H. Meier
Hubert Huber

Suppress values above (or below) a given margin:

Do not show salaries greater/equal 3000.

SELECT ename, NULLIF(sal,GREATEST(sal,3000)) AS sal
  FROM emp
/    

ENAME             SAL
---------- ----------
SMITH             800
ALLEN            1600
WARD             1250
JONES            2975
MARTIN           1250
BLAKE            2850
CLARK            2450
SCOTT
KING
TURNER           1500
ADAMS            1100
JAMES             950
FORD
MILLER           1300

As you can see there are multiple opportunities to make use of this smart little function.

Ignore Nulls with LAST_VALUE

16 Sunday Oct 2016

Posted by troroblog in ORACLE, SQL, Tipps and Tricks

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Analytic Functions, FIRST_VALUE, LAST_VALUE, SQL

A powerfull feature of the LAST_VALUE/FIRST_VALUE analytic function is the IGNORE NULL clause. This feature allows us to inherit a column value from a prio row with a specific attribute.

Just lately I came accross the following problem on ORACLE SQL & PL/SQL support forum:

The Data:

WITH data (skp_id, code_status, date_app) 
       AS (SELECT 111, 'REJECTED', DATE '2016-01-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 123, 'APPROVED', DATE '2016-02-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 201, 'APPROVED', DATE '2016-03-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 302, 'REJECTED', DATE '2016-04-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 403, 'REJECTED', DATE '2016-05-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 450, 'APPROVED', DATE '2016-06-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 475, 'APPROVED', DATE '2016-07-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 480, 'APPROVED', DATE '2016-08-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 490, 'REJECTED', DATE '2016-09-01' FROM dual) 
SELECT skp_id
     , code_status
     , date_app
 FROM data
/

The task was to show with every line the last rejection date prior to the current row as an additional column.

SKP_ID	CODE_STATUS	DATE_APP	LAST_REJECTED
111	REJECTED	01-JAN-16	–
123	APPROVED	01-FEB-16	01-JAN-16
201	APPROVED	01-MAR-16	01-JAN-16
302	REJECTED	01-APR-16	01-JAN-16
403	REJECTED	01-MAY-16	01-APR-16
450	APPROVED	01-JUN-16	01-MAY-16
475	APPROVED	01-JUL-16	01-MAY-16
480	APPROVED	01-AUG-16	01-MAY-16
490	REJECTED	01-SEP-16	01-MAY-16

To achieve this the LAST_VALUE analytic function with the IGNORE NULLS addition is very handy as it allows to ignore those rows that we are not interested in (the approved ones).

Solution:

In a first step we nullify all rows in the generated last_rejected column that are of no interest:

DECODE(code_status,'REJECTED',date_app)

The next step searches the last entry in the result set where the column value of the generated column is not null.

LAST_VALUE (DECODE(code_status,'REJECTED',date_app) IGNORE NULLS) 
      OVER (ORDER BY skp_id)

And the last step makes sure, that we only evaluate to prior of the current row but not including the current row.

ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING 
                            AND 1 PRECEDING

The whole statement looks like this:

WITH data (skp_id, code_status, date_app) 
       AS (SELECT 111, 'REJECTED', DATE '2016-01-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 123, 'APPROVED', DATE '2016-02-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 201, 'APPROVED', DATE '2016-03-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 302, 'REJECTED', DATE '2016-04-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 403, 'REJECTED', DATE '2016-05-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 450, 'APPROVED', DATE '2016-06-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 475, 'APPROVED', DATE '2016-07-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 480, 'APPROVED', DATE '2016-08-01' FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT 490, 'REJECTED', DATE '2016-09-01' FROM dual) 
SELECT skp_id
     , code_status
     , date_app
     , LAST_VALUE (DECODE(code_status,'REJECTED',date_app) IGNORE NULLS) 
             OVER (ORDER BY skp_id 
                   ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING 
                            AND 1 PRECEDING) as last_rejected
 FROM data
/

Analytic functions are not really new – the came with 8.1.6 – but still they do not get the attraction they deserve.

ORACLE 12.2 -Data conversion enhancements

30 Friday Sep 2016

Posted by troroblog in ORACLE, ORACLE 12c Release 2, SQL, Tipps and Tricks

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Tags

CAST, Data Conversion, ORACLE 12c Release 2, SQL, TO_CHAR, TO_DATE, TO_NUMBER

ORACLE 12.2 has a new option to handle conversion errors when using functions like CAST, TO_NUMBER, TO_CHAR, TO_DATE, etc. Using this option we may avoid conversion errors an return a default value instead.

The examples use TO_DATE but the option is useable in the other conversion functions accordingly

EXAMPLE TO_DATE

In case of a string to date conversion error we would like to return the 1st of January of 2016.

WITH data (str) AS (SELECT '15.01.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '30.06.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '30.02.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT 'gugus' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '07.03.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '15.10.2016' FROM dual)
SELECT str
 , TO_DATE(str DEFAULT '01.01.2016' ON CONVERSION ERROR,'DD.MM.YYYY') AS conversion
 FROM data
/

STR CONVERTED 
---------- ----------
15.01.2016 15.01.2016
30.06.2016 30.06.2016
30.02.2016 01.01.2016
gugus      01.01.2016
07.03.2016 07.03.2016
15.10.2016 15.10.2016

6 rows selected.

Using SYSDATE as default

Using SYSDATE as the default value instead of a literal value works as expected.

WITH data (str) AS (SELECT '15.01.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '30.06.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '30.02.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT 'gugus' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '07.03.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '15.10.2016' FROM dual)
SELECT str
 , TO_DATE(str DEFAULT SYSDATE ON CONVERSION ERROR,'DD.MM.YYYY') AS converted
 FROM data
/ 

STR CONVERTED 
---------- ----------
15.01.2016 15.01.2016
30.06.2016 30.06.2016
30.02.2016 30.09.2016
gugus      30.09.2016
07.03.2016 07.03.2016
15.10.2016 15.10.2016

6 rows selected.

Default to start of the year…

So next step would be to invoke a function on sysdate, to get the first day of the current year as the default value for an occuring conversion error.

WITH data (str) AS (SELECT '15.01.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '30.06.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '30.02.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT 'gugus' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '07.03.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '15.10.2016' FROM dual)
 SELECT str
      , TO_DATE(str DEFAULT TRUNC(SYSDATE,'YEAR') ON CONVERSION ERROR,'DD.MM.YYYY') AS converted
 FROM data
/ 

Error at Command Line : 8 Column : 28
 Error report -
 SQL Error: ORA-43907: This argument must be a literal or bind variable.

So, I am a little bit puzzled…we can use SYSDATE but not having a function around it…

Choosing another column value as the default

Now, how about choosing another column of the same table as the default value?

WITH data (str,dateval) AS (SELECT '15.01.2016', date '2015-07-15' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '30.06.2016', date '2015-07-16' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '30.02.2016', date '2015-07-17' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT 'gugus' , date '2015-07-18' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '07.03.2016', date '2015-07-19' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '15.10.2016', date '2015-07-20' FROM dual)
 SELECT str
      , dateval
      , TO_DATE(str DEFAULT dateval ON CONVERSION ERROR,'DD.MM.YYYY') AS converted
 FROM data
/
 
Error at Command Line : 9 Column : 29
Error report -
SQL Error: ORA-43907: This argument must be a literal or bind variable.

Ok, perhaps it needs to be a string using the same format mask?

WITH data (str,dateval) AS (SELECT '15.01.2016', date '2015-07-15' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '30.06.2016', date '2015-07-16' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '30.02.2016', date '2015-07-17' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT 'gugus' , date '2015-07-18' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '07.03.2016', date '2015-07-19' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '15.10.2016', date '2015-07-20' FROM dual)
 SELECT str
      , dateval
      , TO_DATE(str DEFAULT TO_CHAR(dateval,'DD.MM.YYYY') ON CONVERSION ERROR,'DD.MM.YYYY') AS converted
 FROM data
/
 
Error at Command Line : 9 Column : 29
Error report -
SQL Error: ORA-43907: This argument must be a literal or bind variable.

So, how can this be solved?

Now, we could return NULL in case of a conversion error and then replace a null value by the value of the second column…like this:

WITH data (str,dateval) AS (SELECT '15.01.2016', date '2015-07-15' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '30.06.2016', date '2015-07-16' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '30.02.2016', date '2015-07-17' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT 'gugus'     , date '2015-07-18' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '07.03.2016', date '2015-07-19' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '15.10.2016', date '2015-07-20' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT NULL        , date '2015-07-21' FROM DUAL)
SELECT str
     , dateval
     , NVL(TO_DATE(str DEFAULT NULL ON CONVERSION ERROR,'DD.MM.YYYY'),dateval) AS converted
 FROM data
/

STR        DATEVAL    CONVERTED 
---------- ---------- ----------
15.01.2016 15.07.2015 15.01.2016
30.06.2016 16.07.2015 30.06.2016
30.02.2016 17.07.2015 17.07.2015
gugus      18.07.2015 18.07.2015
07.03.2016 19.07.2015 07.03.2016
15.10.2016 20.07.2015 15.10.2016
           21.07.2015 21.07.2015

7 rows selected.

but…I only wanted to replace values that are not convertable by the second value, not null values…

WITH data (str,dateval) AS (SELECT '15.01.2016', date '2015-07-15' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '30.06.2016', date '2015-07-16' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '30.02.2016', date '2015-07-17' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT 'gugus' , date '2015-07-18' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '07.03.2016', date '2015-07-19' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT '15.10.2016', date '2015-07-20' FROM dual UNION ALL
                            SELECT NULL , date '2015-07-21' FROM DUAL)
SELECT str
     , dateval
     , CASE 
          WHEN str IS NULL THEN NULL
          ELSE NVL(TO_DATE(str DEFAULT NULL ON CONVERSION ERROR,'DD.MM.YYYY'),dateval)
       END AS converted
 FROM data
/

A little bit complicated, but this way I get what I want.

Handling different date formats in one query

Now another test case, having an input stream using different date formats…

WITH data (str) AS (SELECT '15.03.2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '2005/03/15' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '15-MRZ-2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '15-MAR-2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '15. MARCH 2016' FROM dual UNION ALL
                    SELECT '15-MAALIS-2016' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
                    SELECT '15-BRE-2016' FROM DUAL)
SELECT str
     , COALESCE(TO_DATE(str DEFAULT NULL ON CONVERSION ERROR,'DD.MM.YYYY')
               ,TO_DATE(str DEFAULT NULL ON CONVERSION ERROR,'YYYY/MM/DD')
               ,TO_DATE(str DEFAULT NULL ON CONVERSION ERROR,'DD-MON-YYYY','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ENGLISH')
               ,TO_DATE(str DEFAULT NULL ON CONVERSION ERROR,'DD-MON-YYYY','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=GERMAN')
               ,TO_DATE(str DEFAULT NULL ON CONVERSION ERROR,'DD-MON-YYYY','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=FINNISH')
       ) AS converted
 FROM data
/ 

STR            CONVERTED 
-------------- ----------
15.03.2016     15.03.2016
2005/03/15     15.03.2005
15-MRZ-2016    15.03.2016
15-MAR-2016    15.03.2016
15. MARCH 2016 15.03.2016
15-MAALIS-2016 15.03.2016
15-BRE-2016 

7 rows selected.

Conclusion

The DEFAULT … ON CONVERSION ERROR is a very powerful feature, which will help us solving conversion errors very elegant. Of course we will still not be able to do conversions when the input value is not unambiguous (A string value of ‘03.05.2016’ could be the 3rd of May as well as the 5th of March) but still a very welcome feature.

Grouping and counting continuity

15 Tuesday Dec 2015

Posted by troroblog in ORACLE, ORACLE 12c Release 1, SQL, Tipps and Tricks

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Tags

Analytic Functions, Model Clause, ORACLE, ORACLE 12c Release 1, Row Pattern Matching, SQL

A colleague of mine had the problem to group continuous entries of same type to be able to count number of continuos entries.

His Data:

TS        USERNAME RETURNCODE
--------- -------- ----------
05-NOV-15 SCOTT         28000
04-NOV-15 SCOTT         28000
03-NOV-15 SCOTT          1027 
02-NOV-15 SCOTT          1027
01-NOV-15 SCOTT          1027
31-OCT-15 SCOTT          1027
30-OCT-15 SCOTT             0
29-OCT-15 SCOTT          1027
28-OCT-15 SCOTT          1027
27-OCT-15 SCOTT             0
26-OCT-15 SCOTT             0
25-OCT-15 SCOTT          1027

Output needed:

TS        USERNAME RETURNCODE GROUP COUNT
--------  -------- ---------- ----- -----
05-NOV-15 SCOTT         28000     1     2
04-NOV-15 SCOTT         28000     1     2
03-NOV-15 SCOTT          1027     2     4
02-NOV-15 SCOTT          1027     2     4
01-NOV-15 SCOTT          1027     2     4
31-OCT-15 SCOTT          1027     2     4
30-OCT-15 SCOTT             0     3     1
29-OCT-15 SCOTT          1027     4     2
28-OCT-15 SCOTT          1027     4     2
27-OCT-15 SCOTT             0     5     2
26-OCT-15 SCOTT             0     5     2
25-OCT-15 SCOTT          1027     6     1

So basically the problem was to build groups on continuous identical returncodes and increase group number with every change. After those groups have been built the count column can be calculated using a COUNT(*) OVER (PARTITION BY the group-identification).

Solution 1 – ANALYTIC FUNCTION:

This solution compares the returncode value of the previous row (within same username ordered by timestamp) with the current value and returns “1” in case of a difference if the current value is unchanged NULL is returned. In the second step a running summary over this 1/NULL result is built.

WITH data (ts, username, returncode)        
       AS ( SELECT DATE '2015-11-05', 'SCOTT', 28000 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-11-04', 'SCOTT', 28000 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-11-03', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-11-02', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-11-01', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL 
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-31', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-30', 'SCOTT', 0     FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-29', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-28', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-27', 'SCOTT', 0     FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-26', 'SCOTT', 0     FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-25', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual) 
SELECT ts
      ,username
      ,returncode
      ,SUM(start_entry) OVER (PARTITION BY username ORDER BY ts DESC) AS grp
  FROM (SELECT ts
             , username
             , returncode
             , CASE
                  WHEN returncode = LAG(returncode) OVER (PARTITION BY username
                                                              ORDER BY ts DESC)
                     THEN 0                   
                  ELSE 1
               END AS start_entry 
          FROM data) 
/

TS        USERN RETURNCODE GRP
--------- ----- ---------- ----------
05-NOV-15 SCOTT      28000          1
04-NOV-15 SCOTT      28000          1
03-NOV-15 SCOTT       1027          2
02-NOV-15 SCOTT       1027          2
01-NOV-15 SCOTT       1027          2
31-OCT-15 SCOTT       1027          2
30-OCT-15 SCOTT          0          3
29-OCT-15 SCOTT       1027          4
28-OCT-15 SCOTT       1027          4
27-OCT-15 SCOTT          0          5
26-OCT-15 SCOTT          0          5
25-OCT-15 SCOTT       1027          6

Solution 2 – MODEL clause:

The model clauses has the possibility to compare the values of different rows and generate a value for a different column based on this comparision. In our case I compare the value of the returncode of the previous row to the value of the returncode of the current row. In case of identical values i reuse the value of the grp column of the previous row to set the grp value of the current row, in case of a difference I increase the previous rows value by 1.

WITH DATA (ts, username, returncode)
        AS( SELECT DATE '2015-11-05', 'SCOTT', 28000 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-11-04', 'SCOTT', 28000 FROM dual UNION ALL 
            SELECT DATE '2015-11-03', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-11-02', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-11-01', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-31', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-30', 'SCOTT', 0     FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-29', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-28', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-27', 'SCOTT', 0     FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-26', 'SCOTT', 0     FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT DATE '2015-10-25', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual)
SELECT ts, username, returncode, grp
  FROM data
      MODEL PARTITION BY (username)
            DIMENSION BY (ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY username 
                                                  ORDER BY ts) AS rn)
            MEASURES (1 as grp,returncode,ts)
            RULES AUTOMATIC ORDER
            (grp[rn > 1]  = CASE WHEN returncode[CV()] = returncode[cv()-1] 
                                 THEN grp[CV()-1]
                                 ELSE grp[CV()-1] + 1
                            END)
/

Solution 3 “MATCH_RECOGNIZE (12c)”:

With the MATCH_RECOGNIZE clause we can do a count of the group members simultaneously to the group assignement.

WITH DATA (ts, username, returncode)
        AS(SELECT DATE '2015-11-05', 'SCOTT', 28000 FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT DATE '2015-11-04', 'SCOTT', 28000 FROM dual UNION ALL 
           SELECT DATE '2015-11-03', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT DATE '2015-11-02', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT DATE '2015-11-01', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT DATE '2015-10-31', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT DATE '2015-10-30', 'SCOTT', 0     FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT DATE '2015-10-29', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT DATE '2015-10-28', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT DATE '2015-10-27', 'SCOTT', 0     FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT DATE '2015-10-26', 'SCOTT', 0     FROM dual UNION ALL
           SELECT DATE '2015-10-25', 'SCOTT', 1027  FROM dual)
SELECT ts, username, returncode, grp, continuous_rows
  FROM DATA
  MATCH_RECOGNIZE (PARTITION BY username
                   ORDER BY ts DESC                    
                   MEASURES FINAL COUNT(*) AS continuous_rows
                           ,MATCH_NUMBER() AS grp
                   ALL ROWS PER MATCH
                   AFTER MATCH SKIP PAST LAST ROW
                   PATTERN (strt cont*)
                   DEFINE cont AS cont.returncode = PREV(cont.returncode)) x
/

Gap Detection – Tabibitosan Method

01 Wednesday Jul 2015

Posted by troroblog in ORACLE, SQL, Tipps and Tricks

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

ORACLE, SQL, TABIBITOSAN

Another question from the ORACLE SQL & PL/SQL Forum.

Problem:

The original poster (OP) needed to find the first “missing” entry in a series of entries.

Entries are like:

Set 1: 0001, 0004, 0006 First missing entry: 0002
Set 2: 0001, 0002, 0006 First missing entry: 0003
Set 3: 0001, 0002, 0003 First missing entry: 0004
Set 4: 0002, 0003, 0004 First missing entry: 0001

Test Data:

WITH data (id,entry) AS (SELECT 1, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 1, '0004' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 1, '0006' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0006' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0003' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0003' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0004' FROM dual)
SELECT id, entry
  FROM data
/

        ID ENTRY
---------- -----
         1 0001 
         1 0004 
         1 0006 
         2 0001 
         2 0002 
         2 0006 
         3 0001 
         3 0002 
         3 0003 
         4 0002 
         4 0003 
         4 0004 

 12 rows selected

Solution:

So first step would be to calculate the effective entry and the entry – “value an entry had if everything was gapless” (the column is called distance).

WITH data (id,entry) AS (SELECT 1, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 1, '0004' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 1, '0006' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0006' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0003' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0003' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0004' FROM dual)
SELECT id, entry
     , TO_NUMBER(entry) - ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY id 
                                             ORDER BY entry) AS distance
  FROM data
/

        ID ENTRY   DISTANCE
---------- ----- ----------
         1 0001           0
         1 0004           2
         1 0006           3
         2 0001           0
         2 0002           0
         2 0006           3
         3 0001           0
         3 0002           0
         3 0003           0
         4 0002           1
         4 0003           1
         4 0004           1

12 rows selected

As long as the distance is 0 the entry belongs to a gapless series. To find the first missing entry, we are looking for the last entry with a distance of 0.

WITH data (id,entry) AS (SELECT 1, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 1, '0004' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 1, '0006' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0006' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0003' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0003' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0004' FROM dual)
SELECT id, MAX(DECODE(distance,0,id,NULL)) AS last_in_serie
  FROM (SELECT id, entry
             , TO_NUMBER(entry) - ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY id
                                                         ORDER BY entry) AS distance
          FROM data)
  GROUP BY id
/

        ID LAST_IN_SERIE
---------- -------------
         1             1
         2             2
         3             3
         4

By increasing this last_in_series value by 1 we get the first missing entry.

WITH data (id,entry) AS (SELECT 1, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 1, '0004' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 1, '0006' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 2, '0006' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0001' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 3, '0003' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0002' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0003' FROM dual UNION ALL
                         SELECT 4, '0004' FROM dual)
SELECT id, TO_CHAR(NVL(MAX(DECODE(distance,0,id,NULL)),0) + 1,'FM0000') as next_entry
  FROM (SELECT id, entry
             , TO_NUMBER(entry) - ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY id
                                                         ORDER BY entry) AS distance
          FROM data)
  GROUP BY id
/

        ID NEXT_ENTRY
---------- ----------
         1 0002      
         2 0003      
         3 0004      
         4 0001

Partitioned Outer Join

16 Tuesday Jun 2015

Posted by troroblog in ORACLE, SQL, Tipps and Tricks

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Tags

ORACLE, OUTER JOIN, SQL

This posts describes a solution to a problem posted on the ORACLE SQL and PL/SQL forums.

Problem:

The original poster (OP) has a table which has monthly data for agents.

WITH agt_dum(agent_id,mon,commission)
         AS (SELECT 1, 1, 50  FROM dual UNION ALL
             SELECT 1, 2, 100 FROM dual UNION ALL
             SELECT 1, 6, 25  FROM dual UNION ALL
             SELECT 2, 1, 10  FROM dual UNION ALL
             SELECT 2, 2, 20  FROM dual)
SELECT *
  FROM agt_dum
/

  AGENT_ID        MON COMMISSION
---------- ---------- ----------
         1          1         50
         1          2        100
         1          6         25
         2          1         10
         2          2         20

as you can see not every month has data for every AGENT_ID and the OP needed to have a query result like:

  AGENT_ID        MON COMMISSION
---------- ---------- ----------
         1          1         50
         1          2        100
         1          3          0
         1          4          0
         1          5          0
         1          6         25
         1          7          0
         1          8          0
         1          9          0
         1         10          0
         1         11          0
         1         12          0
         2          1         10
         2          2         20
         2          3          0
         2          4          0
         2          5          0
         2          6          0
         2          7          0
         2          8          0
         2          9          0
         2         10          0
         2         11          0
         2         12          0

meaning for each month an entry for each AGENT_ID and if no commission exists (no row exist) a 0 value for that specific column.

Solution(s):

The first thing that I though about was to have an outer join on the AGENT_ID. The driving table would be something that has all months (month numbers) from 1 to 12.

Outer Join with a “ALL_MONTHS” source:

WITH all_months (mon) 
             AS (SELECT rownum AS mon
                   FROM dual
                CONNECT BY rownum <= 12)
SELECT mon
  FROM all_months
/ 

MON
---------
        1
        2
        3
        4
        5
        6
        7
        8
        9
       10
       11
       12

This source could be used as the driving table in an outer join query

WITH agt_dum(agent_id,mon,commission)
         AS (SELECT 1, 1, 50  FROM dual union all
             SELECT 1, 2, 100 FROM dual union all
             SELECT 1, 6, 25  FROM dual union all
             SELECT 2, 1, 10  FROM dual union all
             SELECT 2, 2, 20  FROM dual)
    ,all_months (mon) AS (SELECT ROWNUM
                            FROM dual 
                          CONNECT BY ROWNUM <= 12)
SELECT ad.agent_id, am.mon, NVL(ad.commission,0) AS commission
  FROM            all_months am
  LEFT OUTER JOIN agt_dum    ad ON (ad.mon = am.mon)
 ORDER by ad.agent_id, am.mon
/

But a simple outer join will no solve the problem, as all the outer joined columns will be NULL…

  AGENT_ID        MON COMMISSION
---------- ---------- ----------
         1          1         50
         1          2        100
         1          6         25
         2          1         10
         2          2         20
                    3          0
                    4          0
                    5          0
                    7          0
                    8          0
                    9          0
                   10          0
                   11          0
                   12          0

As you can see you get an “empty” row for all months that are not available with any AGENT_ID … but what OP wanted was to have one row for every month for every AGENT_ID.

Partitioned Outer Join

So the solution for that is having a partitioned outer join like:

WITH agt_dum(agent_id,mon,commission)
         AS (SELECT 1, 1, 50  FROM dual union all
             SELECT 1, 2, 100 FROM dual union all
             SELECT 1, 6, 25  FROM dual union all
             SELECT 2, 1, 10  FROM dual union all
             SELECT 2, 2, 20  FROM dual)
    ,all_months (mon) AS (SELECT ROWNUM
                            FROM dual 
                          CONNECT BY ROWNUM <= 12)
SELECT ad.agent_id, am.mon, NVL(ad.commission,0) AS commission
  FROM            all_months am
  LEFT OUTER JOIN agt_dum    ad PARTITION BY (ad.agent_id) ON (ad.mon = am.mon)
 ORDER by ad.agent_id, am.mon
/

Using this query, ORACLE does an OUTER JOIN for every AGENT_ID in the AGT_DUM view and the result is exactly what OP wanted.

  AGENT_ID        MON COMMISSION
---------- ---------- ----------
         1          1         50
         1          2        100
         1          3          0
         1          4          0
         1          5          0
         1          6         25
         1          7          0
         1          8          0
         1          9          0
         1         10          0
         1         11          0
         1         12          0
         2          1         10
         2          2         20
         2          3          0
         2          4          0
         2          5          0
         2          6          0
         2          7          0
         2          8          0
         2          9          0
         2         10          0
         2         11          0
         2         12          0

Additional solutions:

Model Clause:

WITH agt_dum(agent_id,mon,commission)         
         AS (SELECT 1, 1, 50  FROM dual UNION ALL             
             SELECT 1, 2, 100 FROM dual UNION ALL             
             SELECT 1, 6, 25  FROM dual UNION ALL             
             SELECT 2, 1, 10  FROM dual UNION ALL             
             SELECT 2, 2, 20  FROM dual)
select agent_id  
     , mon  
     , commission  
 FROM agt_dum  
 MODEL PARTITION BY (agent_id)  
       DIMENSION BY (mon)  
       MEASURES (commission)   
       RULES ITERATE (12)  
       (  
           commission[ITERATION_NUMBER + 1] = NVL(commission[cv()], 0)  
       )  
 ORDER BY agent_id  
        , mon;

Date arithmetic

03 Tuesday Sep 2013

Posted by troroblog in ORACLE, SQL, Tipps and Tricks

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Tags

DATE, ORACLE, SQL

The hard way and the smart way

A problem that often arises in the classroom is how to calculate the difference (hours, minutes and seconds) of two DATE values.

The hard way

At various places on the web you may find solutions like this:

WITH example_data AS (SELECT TO_DATE('01.01.2013 13:35:17','dd.mm.yyyy hh24:mi:ss') AS date_from
                            ,TO_DATE('01.01.2013 17:22:08','dd.mm.yyyy hh24:mi:ss') AS date_to
                        FROM DUAL)
SELECT TO_CHAR(TRUNC((date_to - date_from) * 24),'FM00') || ':' 
    || TO_CHAR(TRUNC(((date_to - date_from) * 24 - TRUNC((date_to - date_from) * 24)) * 60),'FM00') || ':' 
    || TO_CHAR(((date_to - date_from) * 24 * 60 - TRUNC((date_to - date_from) * 24 * 60)) * 60,'FM00') AS time
  FROM example_data;

TIME
-----------
03:46:51

Personally I would call this the hard way to solve the problem, because there is a much easier solution for this problem.

The smart way

WITH example_data AS (SELECT TO_DATE('01.01.2013 13:35:17','dd.mm.yyyy hh24:mi:ss') AS date_from
                            ,TO_DATE('01.01.2013 17:22:08','dd.mm.yyyy hh24:mi:ss') AS date_to
                        FROM DUAL)
SELECT TO_CHAR(TRUNC(SYSDATE) + (date_to - date_from),'HH24:MI:SS') as TIME
  FROM example_data;

TIME
--------
03:46:51

This solution makes use of the date arithmetic logic of ORACLE where the difference between two dates values is expressed as a number representing the number of days including a fraction of days. Furthermore adding a number to a date again results in a date data type. So if we add the difference of two date values to midnight and use TO_CHAR to display the time component of the result, this result will express the difference of those two dates. Now what should we do, if the difference is more than one day?
We just could make use of the day in year format after having added the difference between the two date values to the 31st of december.

WITH example_data AS (SELECT TO_DATE('01.01.2013 13:35:17','dd.mm.yyyy hh24:mi:ss') AS date_from
                            ,TO_DATE('01.01.2013 17:22:08','dd.mm.yyyy hh24:mi:ss') AS date_to
                        FROM DUAL
                      UNION ALL
                      SELECT TO_DATE('01.01.2013 13:35:17','dd.mm.yyyy hh24:mi:ss') AS date_from
                            ,TO_DATE('03.01.2013 17:22:08','dd.mm.yyyy hh24:mi:ss') AS date_to
                        FROM DUAL)
SELECT CASE
          WHEN TRUNC(date_to - date_from) > 0
             THEN TO_CHAR((TRUNC(SYSDATE,'year')-1) + (date_to - date_from),'DDD HH24:MI:SS')
          ELSE TO_CHAR(TRUNC(SYSDATE) + (date_to - date_from),'HH24:MI:SS')
       END as TIME
  FROM example_data;

TIME
------------
03:46:51
002 03:46:51

This solution represents in my opinion the smart way to calculate time difference between two date values.

Column to rows

23 Thursday May 2013

Posted by troroblog in ORACLE, Regular Expression, SQL, Tipps and Tricks

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Tags

CONNECT BY, ORACLE, Regular Expression, SQL

How can we convert a string including seperators into it’s token using only SQL?

Easiest way is to make use of recursive query techniques and regular expression as shown below:

WITH data (string) AS (SELECT 'MEIER,HUBER,MUELLER,KUHN,,KOLLER' FROM dual)
SELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR (data.string, '[^,]+', 1, ROWNUM) element_string  
  FROM data 
CONNECT BY LEVEL <= LENGTH (REGEXP_REPLACE (DATA.STRING, '[^,]+'))  + 1
/

ELEMENT_STRING
--------------
MEIER
HUBER
MUELLER
KUHN
KOLLER
(null)

Working with a single date validity column

08 Monday Aug 2011

Posted by troroblog in ORACLE, SQL, Tipps and Tricks

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Tags

DATE, ORACLE, SQL, VALIDITY

Having a single column to determine the validity of a value has many advantages over a two column (valid_from / valid_to) approach.

no need to care about gaps
no need to care about overlaps
simple way to prevent duplicates possible (unique constraint)

Therefore this is often seen in parameter tables or any other tables storing different versions of an information with a time range validity.

The problem occurs when you try to use the correct information in your queries.

Prepare test case:

Our test case has an application parameter table (key,value,valid_from) holding information about the tax rate of the swiss vat.

CREATE TABLE appl_params (
    param_name VARCHAR2(20)  NOT NULL
   ,param_value       VARCHAR2(200) NOT NULL
   ,param_valid_from  DATE          NOT NULL)
/

A simple primary key on param_name, param_valid_from is sufficient to avoid duplicate validities for one parameter at a point in time.

ALTER TABLE appl_params 
   ADD CONSTRAINT appl_params_pk 
   PRIMARY KEY (param_name, param_valid_from)
/
INSERT INTO appl_params VALUES('SWISS VAT','7.6',TO_DATE('01.01.2005','dd.mm.yyyy'));
INSERT INTO appl_params VALUES('SWISS VAT','8.0',TO_DATE('01.01.2011','dd.mm.yyyy'));
INSERT INTO appl_params VALUES('SWISS VAT','7.0',TO_DATE('01.01.2014','dd.mm.yyyy'));
COMMIT;

To get the correct tax rate for a sale we need to find the rate belonging to the valid_from which is the latest before the sale takes place…. This is a rather complicated query.

WITH sales (prod, sale_date, price)
        AS (SELECT 'Product A', date '2009-07-27', 115 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT 'Product A', date '2010-07-27', 115 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT 'Product A', date '2011-07-27', 115 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT 'Product A', date '2013-07-27', 115 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT 'Product A', date '2015-07-27', 115 FROM dual)
 SELECT prod
      , sale_date
      , price
      , TO_NUMBER(ap.param_value)
      , price + (price * TO_NUMBER(ap.param_value)/100) AS price_incl_vat
   FROM sales s
       ,appl_params ap
  WHERE ap.param_name = 'SWISS VAT'
    AND ap.param_valid_from = (SELECT MAX(ap2.param_valid_from)
                                 FROM appl_params ap2
                                WHERE ap2.param_name = ap.param_name
                                  AND ap2.param_valid_from <= s.sale_date) 
/

To support easier and more intuitive queries we create a view which has an additional column param_valid_to. To populate this column we use the analytic function lead.

The solution underneath assumes that param_valid_to as well as sale_date do not include relevant time information (all date columns are truncated to midnight).

CREATE VIEW appl_params_vw
AS
SELECT param_name, param_value, param_valid_from
     , LEAD(param_valid_from,1,date '3000-01-01') 
             OVER (PARTITION BY param_name
  ORDER BY param_valid_from ASC) - 1 AS param_valid_to
  FROM appl_params             
/

After having created this view, the query to find the appropriate tax rate gets quite easy.

WITH sales (prod, sale_date, price)
        AS (SELECT 'Product A', date '2009-07-27', 115 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT 'Product A', date '2010-07-27', 115 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT 'Product A', date '2011-07-27', 115 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT 'Product A', date '2013-07-27', 115 FROM dual UNION ALL
            SELECT 'Product A', date '2015-07-27', 115 FROM dual)
SELECT s.prod
     , s.sale_date
     , s.price
     , TO_NUMBER(v.param_value) vat
     , s.price + (s.price * to_number(v.param_value)/100) AS price_incl_vat
  FROM            sales          s 
       INNER JOIN appl_params_vw v ON (    v.param_name = 'SWISS VAT'
                                       AND s.sale_date BETWEEN v.param_valid_from 
                                                           AND v.param_valid_to)
/

If the approach is not fast enough we would also have the possibility to materialize this view which is, for a table like the parameter table where changes do not happen to often, not a bad idea.

Calculating the number of weekdays between two dates

14 Thursday Jul 2011

Posted by troroblog in ORACLE, SQL, Tipps and Tricks

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Tags

DATE, ORACLE, SQL

How can we calculate the number of business days (Monday – Friday) between two given dates….

This is a question often asked in the SQL community.

Two solutions for this problem:

Solution 1:

Calculate the number of days between two date values and subtract the number of Saturdays and Sundays in between.

WITH DATA AS (SELECT TO_DATE('05.09.2011','dd.mm.yyyy') date_from                    ,TO_DATE('31.10.2011','dd.mm.yyyy') date_to                FROM dual)
SELECT date_to - date_from + 1
     - (((NEXT_DAY(date_to-7,'Saturday') - NEXT_DAY(date_from,'Saturday'))/7) + 1)
     - (((NEXT_DAY(date_to-7,'Sunday')   - NEXT_DAY(date_from,'Sunday'))/7) + 1)
  FROM data
/

Solution 2:

Count the number of days that are neither Saturdays nor Sundays between two date values using a recursive query.

SELECT COUNT(DECODE(TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('05.09.2011','dd.mm.yyyy') + (ROWNUM - 1),'DY'),'SAT',NULL,'SUN',NULL,'1'))
   FROM dual
 CONNECT BY ROWNUM <= (TO_DATE('31.10.2011','dd.mm.yyyy') - TO_DATE('05.09.2011','dd.mm.yyyy') + 1) 
/